Key words:
catheter, cannulation, EM tracking (enhance visualization and provide objective metric)
Endovascular Technique:
Early endovascular technique: real-time fluoroscopy and 2D angiography: ionizing radiation and repeated injection of a nephrotoxic contrast agent.
Image fusion techniques: project 3D CT and magnetic resonance imaging to real-time 2D fluoroscopic images, still require real-time fluroscopy.
Electromagnetic (EM) tracking: an EM field is generated by the Aurora Window Field Generator, and sensors on the tips measure and transmit the roll orientation and forward motion. The veracity of EM tracking is evaluated on the basis of target registration error (TRE).
System:
- manual simulator 2. virtual simulator (virtual reality)
Task:
Different locations of vessels correspond to the tasks with different difficult levels.
Metric:
Certain metric is required to evaluate or augment the skills of surgeon (novice, intermediate, expert).
1.expert observation and subjective score
2.number of cases
3.kinematic metrics: mapping from kinematic data to skill (classification)
- 3D path length
- spectral arc length: change of acceleration in frequency domain
- root mean dimensionless jerk: movement smoothness
- submovement number and duration
- catheter turn: measure the task difficulty
View:
- 2D or 3D
- real-time or stored (using stored image can reduce fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure)
- anteroposterior/lateral/endoluminal view